Primary Acceptor of CO2

Carbon Dioxide Acceptor - The increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the environment may increase photosynthesis by up to a certain limit is 1% and higher concentration of carbon dioxide is  inhibitory for photosynthetic reaction. At the point where the concentration of carbon dioxide and that is used in photosynthesis and released during respiration becomes equal is called carbon dioxide compensation point.

Dark reaction is the process for assimilation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to organic carbon of the plant body in the form of organic compounds take place. This reaction was first denoted by black man in 1905 and thus it is called black man reaction. Later in 1949 Calvin, Bassham andBenson denoted the cyclic nature of the pathway and thus it is called Calvin cycle.

There are four major processes of carbon fixation in green plants like C₃ cycle, C₄ cycle, C₂ cycle and CAM cycle.

Mechanism of C₃ Cycle – In this type of cycle 6 molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed by 6 molecules of RuDP means ribulose di phosphate. This makes 36 carbon atom among which 6 carbon atoms for the hexose and the rest 30 carbon atom re generate the six molecules of five carbon compound called ribulose di phosphate.

Carboxylation of RuDP - The addition of carbon dioxide to the 6 molecule of nebulous 15 by phosphate combines with six molecules of carbon dioxide. This reaction is catalysed by  RuDP- carboxylase or rubisco which formed and intermediate 6 carbon keto acid later, It break down into 12 molecules of three carbon phosphoglyceric acid. In this way 6 molecules of carbon dioxide is fixed and 18 molecules of ATP and 12 molecules of NADPH₂ are required. Thus one carbon dioxide fixation needs three molecules of ATP and two molecules of  NADPH₂.

Chemical Reactions -

6RuDP + 6CO₂ → 6C₆ - → 12 Phosphoglyceric acid.

C₄ pathway in this type of pathway are observed in many plant of family gramineae for Maize sugarcane panicumare included.It was denoted by Hatch and Slack in 1970 these plants contain kranz anatomy switches have well developed bundle of sheet and two types of chloroplasts the entire reaction takes place in the mesophyll and bundle sheath and the product that initiated the reaction is called phosphoenolpyruvate acid and enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The first product of four carbon oxaloacetic acid producers in this pathway the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate acid by using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and causes formation of oxaloacetic acid is take place in mesophyll cells later oxaloacetic acid in the mesophyll may converted into malic acid and this maleic acid comes to the bundle sheath and undergoes decarboxylation to form pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide with the help of decarboxylase enzyme again carbon dioxide is absorbed by ribulose 1, 5 bis phosphate and the Calvin cycle is initiated.

C₄ plants are more efficient than C₃ plants because they are photosynthetically more productive in this process.Relatively low concentration of carbon dioxide areoccured and re generate carbon dioxide at a latest age to initiate the C₃ process.

Chemical Reactions-

PEPA + H₂O + CO₂- → OAA

C₂ Plants - In this type of process the first formed compound is the two carbon compound or the phosphoglyceric acid and thus it is called C2 cycle. This process is observed in mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome. At high concentration of oxygen the driverless diphosphate carboxylase in the chloroplast is behaves as rivalus diphosphate oxygen is and synthesized phosphor glycolic acid switch losers the first fit group and form glycolic acid.

Eleventh Grade

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